Abstract | Usna šupljina je sastavni dio probavnog sustava, koji služi za žvakanje, pripremanje hrane i gutanje. Ona se sastoji od predvorja i od prave usne šupljine. U radu se najviše govori o zubima koji se nalaze u njoj. Zubi počinju nicati oko šestog mjeseca života. Prvi iznikli zubi se zovu mliječni i njih ima 20. Zubi koji niknu nakon što ispadnu mliječni zovu se trajni, a njih čovjek može imati 32. Neki ljudi imaju 28 zubi jer im nisu izniknuli umnjaci. Zubi su građeni od zubne krune koja je vidljivi dio zuba, zatim od vrata koji se nalazi u razini zubnog mesa i od korijena kojim je zub pričvršćen u koštanu čašicu. Osim krune, vrata i korijena, zub je građen i od tvrdog i mekog tkiva. Tvrdo tkivo čine caklina, dentin i cement, a meko tkivo je zubna pulpa koja se nalazi u samom središtu zuba.Bolesti zuba su jedne od najraširenijih bolesti na svijetu. Neke od njih su: karijes, upala zubne pulpe, granulom, upala zubnog mesa (gingivitis) i parodontitis. Najveći razlog za nastanak ovih bolesti je neprovođenje ili nepravilna oralna higijena. Važno ju je provoditi i prije no što djetetu niknu zubi na način da mu se vlažnom mekom krpicom obriše čeljust. Najpoznatija sredstva za provođenje oralne higijene su četkica i pasta za zube. Osim toga, tu su i međuzubne četkice, konac za zube, te vodica za ispiranje usta. Osim provođenja oralne higijene bitan je i odabir namirnica koje unosimo u organizam, jer prehrana utječe na zdravlje zuba. U fazi razvoja bitna je količina bjelančevina, ugljikohidrata, masti, vitamina A, B, C, D i E i minerala, od kojih najviše kalcija, fosfora i fluora. No učinak prehrane je i razgradnja šećera u kiseline i fizičke osobine hrane. Hrana koja je previše topla ili pak ona koja je previše hladna, ali i vrlo tvrda hrana, mogu oštetiti zube. Isto tako neka zdrava hrana poput voća, odnosno kiseline i šećeri iz voća mogu uništiti zubnu caklinu.Uz provođenje oralne higijene i unosa zdravih namirnica u organizam, bitan je i posjet stomatologu. Tijekom treće godine života, kada već postoji kompletni mliječni zubni niz, treba uslijediti prvi posjet liječniku-stomatologu.Važno je posjetiti stomatologa prije pojave prvih bolova kod djece da bi se izbjegla pojava straha. Bitno je da dijete stvori prijateljski odnos s njim. Također, kontrole pregleda treba raditi 3 do 4 puta godišnje.Važno je djecu još od vrtićke dobi naučiti o oralno higijenskim navikama i o važnosti provođenja oralne higijene. Imajući to na umu proveden je projekt na tu temu u DV „Bajka“ u Vinkovcima. Projekt je uspješno realiziran. Djeca su dosta toga naučila, ali i zabavila se kroz razne aktivnosti poput izrade paste za zube, vodice za ispiranje usta itd. |
Abstract (english) | Oral cavity is an integral part of the digestive system, which is used for chewing, food preparation and ingestion. It consists of the oral vestibule and of the oral cavity propper. The paper deals with the most of the teeth that are in it. The teeth begin to appear around the sixth month of life. The first emerged teeth are called milk teeth (or deciduous teeth, baby teeth, temporary teeth, and now more commonly primary teeth) and there are 20 of them. Teeth that grow after the milk teeth are called permanent teeth and of them pepople can have as many as 32. Some people have only 28 teeth because they have not grown the third molars, which are also called the wisdom teeth. Teeth are made up of the crown, which is the visible part of the tooth, then the neck which is located in the level of the gum and the tooth root which is fixed in the bone socket. Besides the crown, neck and root, the tooth is made of hard and soft tissue. Hard tissue consists of enamel, dentin and cementum, and soft tissue is the dental pulp, which is located in the center of teeth. Dental disease are one of the most widespread diseases in the world. Some of them are: caries, dental pulp inflammation, granuloma, inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and periodontitis. The main reason for the occurrence of these diseases is the failure to implement the improper oral hygiene. It is important that it is implemented even before a child grows the first teeth in a way that the jaw is regularly wiped with a damp soft cloth. The best-known resources for the implementation of oral hygiene are the tooth brush and toothpaste. In addition, there are interdental brushes, dental floss and mouthwash. Furthermore, oral hygiene depends upon the choice of food that is consumed, because eating habits affect dental health as well. In the development phase the amount of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins A, B, C, D and E, and minerals, of which the most calcium, phosphorus and fluorine consumed is important. But the effect that the diet can have on teeth is also the degradation of sugars in acids and the physical properties of food. Food that is too warm or the one that is too cold, or very hard foods, can damage teeth. Some healthy foods like fruits, acids and sugars from the fruit to be precise, can destroy the tooth enamel. Along with the implementation of oral hygiene and intake of healthy food, a visit to the dentist is also very important. During the third year of life, when there is already a complete row of the milk teeth, the first visit to the doctor - dentist should be made. Important is to visit a dentist before the onset of pain in children to avoid the occurence of fear of dentists (dental phobia). It is important that the child creates a friendly relationship with the dentist. Moreover, a control examination at the dentists should be done 3-4 times a year. It is important to teach kids since kindergarten age about the importance of the oral hygiene habits and the implementation of it. Bearing this in mind, the project was done on this topic in the kindergarten "Bajka" in Vinkovci. The project was successfully implemented. The children learned a lot, but also had fun through various activities such as making toothpaste, mouthwash, etc. |